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La struttura della fibra alimentare

La struttura della fibra alimentare

Caratteristiche della fibra e delle sue componenti

Il contenuto di fibra negli alimenti mostra una notevole oscillazione in quantità e in qualità nelle diverse categorie merceologiche di vegetali. Oltre alla variabilità del range totale, è interessante conoscere la quota solubile e insolubile presente nell’alimento specifico.

CategoriaRange Totale (g)Range Solubile (g)Range Insolubile (g)
Frutta FrescaAnguria                  0.2 Lamponi                 7.50.02 – 1.50.2 – 5
Frutta SeccaPesche secche      3     Carrube                23   0.6 –  43.5 – 19.1
Verdure – OrtaggiFiori di zucca         0.5Carciofi                   80.1 – 50.5 – 5
LegumiFagiolini                 3    Piselli                     6.30.45 – 2.50.7 – 5.8
Legumi  secchiSoja                      11.1     Fave                      210.9 – 7.92 – 20
TuberiPatata                     2Tartufo nero          8.40.6 – 4.40.85 – 7.6
Cereali FarinaFarina 00               0.84Farina segale      14.30.1 – 3.60.9 – 10.7
Cereali Pasta, Pane, Riso, OrzoRiso                       1.0Orzo perlato          9.20.08 – 4.40.89 – 8.1
Crusca                     Di frumento         42.41.341.1
FunghiPrataioli                 1.7Gallinacci secchi 60.50.11 –  14.10.4 – 46.4
GommeAgar –  Agar         81.181.1

Se si analizza l’alimentazione comune che copre il fabbisogno energetico di un soggetto normopeso (secondo i LARN) e, parallelamente, di soddisfa l’obiettivo nutrizionale dei 30 g/die di fibra, si osserva che la fibra assunta è prevalentemente di tipo insolubile (cellulosa e lignina). Il modello dietetico consigliato per aumentare il consumo di fibre, solitamente infatti incoraggia la scelta di cibi integrali che però apportano una piccola frazione di fibra idrosolubile che è invece la frazione più importante della fibra perché numerose funzioni terapeutiche sono legate ad essa.

Il decennio scorso ha visto un grande impegno di ricerca volto a chiarire i meccanismi che contribuiscono al favorevole profilo metabolico tipico delle diete con fibra. Appare oggi chiaro che l’azione e l’efficacia delle diverse fibre sono sostanzialmente dipendenti dalle loro caratteristiche strutturali e che, quindi, non tutte le fibre alimentari possiedono la medesima funzione.

La fibra alimentare è, per definizione, resistente alla digestione e all’assorbimento nel tratto superiore dell’intestino umano, ma può andare incontro a fermentazione ad opera della microflora residente nel colon. I prodotti metabolici dell’azione batterica sulla fibra alimentare sono metano, anidride carbonica, acqua e acidi monocarbossilici a 2-4 atomi di carbonio, principalmente acido acetico, propionico e butirrico, comunemente detti acidi grassi a corta catena, o acidi grassi volatili.

L’assorbimento di quest’ultimi insieme ai prodotti derivati dalla degradazione dei polisaccaridi vegetali nel colon umano, possono rappresentare una modesta fonte di energia per l’uomo, stimabile in 1,5 kcal/g (6 kJ/g). Tale apporto energetico però è in pratica trascurabile ai fini del bilancio energetico, poiché controbilanciato dalla riduzione nell’assorbimento di alcuni nutrienti indotta dalla fibra stessa.

I saccaridi (polisaccaridi e oligosaccaridi) contenuti negli alimenti vegetali hanno una funzione di struttura, quando costituiscono la parete secondaria della cellula vegetale, o di riserva energetica quando fungono da depositi di zuccheri per la vita della pianta stessa. I polisaccaridi per esempio, oltre all’amido e agli zuccheri semplici suscettibili al processo di digestione e di assorbimento, comprendono percentuali significative di cellulosa, emicellulosa, pectina e gomme, non digeribili ma con un ruolo comunque molto importante per la parete intestinale; mentre gli oligosaccaridi sono caratterizzati dalla presenza di altre sostanze, quali raffinosio, stachinosio e inulina.

Nella parete della cellula vegetale (pareti lignificate) è presente un altro materiale resistente all’idrolisi enzimatica: lignina ed emilignina. Si tratta di materiale non saccaridico, altamente insolubile e che può influenzare negativamente la digeribilità degli altri componenti della parete cellulare. Queste osservazioni evidenziano come la qualità della fibra possa essere diversa e la sua complessità le conferisce caratteristiche e proprietà differenti.

In numerose ricerche condotte in ambito italiano è stata inoltre osservata la relazione tra abitudini alimentari, patologie intestinali e qualità della dieta. Nella dieta attuale italiana vi sono frazioni di amido resistente alla digestione associate ad alcuni alimenti amidacei: oligosaccaridi non digeribili presenti in particolare nelle leguminose e in alcune verdure ed i prodotti contenenti polialcoli, sia di derivazione naturale, che aggiunti come dolcificanti ipocalorici. È stato stimato che l’introduzione giornaliera di questi composti possa aggirarsi mediamente sui 7-10 g/die. Livelli di assunzione superiori potrebbero verificarsi in soggetti che seguono diete basate su alimenti vegetali o in forti consumatori di prodotti dolciari ipocalorici, o acariogeni, contenenti polialcoli. Va tuttavia ricordato che se consumati in dosi eccessive, oligosaccaridi e polialcoli rapidamente fermentescibili, possono provocare disturbi intestinali quali distensione addominale per produzione di gas e diarrea.

Gli oligosaccaridi non digeribili, i polialcoli, il lattosio e il fruttosio dovrebbero essere gradualmente introdotti nella dieta, soprattutto nei soggetti non adattati, visto il rischio di scarsa tolleranza

Bibliografia
1.      Clayton BD, et Al. BNF – Task Force on Complex Carbohydrates in Foods. The report of the British Nutrition Foundation’s Task Force. Chapman and Hall I° ed., 11 New Fetter Lane, London 1990
2.      Jenkins DJA, Goff DV, Leeds AR, Alberti KGMM, Wolever TMS, Gassull MA, Hockaday TDR. Unabsorbable carbohydrates and diabetes: Decresead post-prandial hyperglicemia. Lancet 1976;2:172-174
3.      SINU – Società Italiana di Nutrizione Umana. Livelli di Assunzione Raccomandati di Energia e Nutrienti. Edra Medical Publishing  & New Media. Revisione 2002
4.      Carnovale E, Marletta L. Tabelle di Composizione degli Alimenti. INRAN – Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione. Edra Medical Publishing  & New Media – 2000
5.      Barry JL, et al. Estimation of the fermentability of dietary fibre in vitro: a European inter-laboratory study. Br J Nutr. 1995 Sep;74(3):303-22
6.      Muller-Lissner SA. Effect of wheat bran on weight of stool and gastrointestinal transit time: a meta analysis. Br Me J (Clin Res Ed) 1998 Feb 27;296 (6622):615-7
7.      Gibson GR, et al. Fermentation of non-digestible oligosaccharides by human colonic bacteria. Proc Nutr Soc. 1996 Nov;55(3):899-912
8.      Rambaud JC, Flourie B, Florent C. Colonic fermentation: physiological review and role in digestive pathology. Scweiz Med Wochenschr 1990 Apr 7;120(14):489-95
9.      COST 92. Management Committee, Dietary Fiber intake in Europe, Commission of the European Community, Brussels –1993
10.  Nutrition and life style in relation to bowel movement frequency: a cross-sectional study of 20630 men and women in EPIC-Oxford. Sanjoaquin MA, Appleby PN, Spencer EA, Key TJ. Public Health Nutr. 2004;7:77-83
11.  Irvine EJ, Ferrazzi S, Pare P, Thompson WG, Rance L. Health-related quality of live in fuctional GI disorders: focus on constipation and resource utilization. Am J. Gastroenterol. 2002;97:1986-93
12.  Ringel Y, Sperber AD, Drossman DA. IBS. An. Rev Med 2001;52:319-38
13.  Achord JL. IBS and dietary fiber.  Jam Diet Assc 1979 Oct; 75(4):452-3
14.  Mortensen PB, Andersen  JR, Arffmann S, Krag E. Short-chain fatty acids and the irritable bowel syndrome: the effect of wheat bran. Scan J Gastroenterol 1987 Mar;22 (2):185-92
15.  Robertfroid M et all Dietary fiber, inulin and oligofructose: a review comparing the physiological effects. Crit. Rev. Food Sci.. Nutrition 1993;33:102-48
16. Lewis SJ, Heaton K. Increasing butyrate concentration in the distal colon by accelerating intestinal transit.. Gut 1997 Aug., 41(2):245-51
17. Heini AF, et al. Effect of hydrolyzed guar fiber on fasting and postprandial satiety and satiety hormones: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial during controlled weight loss. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998 Sep;22(9):906-9.1
18.  Fazio AF. A concurrent validational study of the NCHS General Well-Being Schedule. Vital Health Stat 2. 1977 Sep;(73):1-53.


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